Essentially an underlying image within a painting. An example in the Painting below Titled The Cardsharps by Caravaggio, 1594, oil on canvas.
chiaroscuro
In Italian, this literally translates to "light-dark;" In paintings contrasting colors are used together to illustrate this. The painting below titled Sacred and Profane Love by Giovanni Baglione (1602-1603) shows this very beautifully.
Contour Lines -
Contour lines, meaning "outlines" are used in art to show the three dimensionality of objects and present the exterior edges of objects. The darker the contour lines, the "deeper" into the page the part of the object is and vice versa. Lines are used in manner of cross-hatching and no shading is used to describe light and shadows in the drawing. An example is below:
Iconography - Literally translates to "image writing" and is the study of the identification, description and interpretation of the content of images. An example is below titled The Ambassadors By Hans Holbein in 1533.
Iconology
Is essentially the study of the meaning contained within symbols in a certain work of art. Source. The previous painting is an example.
Foreshortening - In art, this is a perspective technique utilized to show an illusion of a certain object going into or coming out of the background very deeply. An example is shown below: Entitled Monumental Glory by Dana Roache, 2003.
Cross Hatching -
Crosshatching is the drawing of two layers of hatching at right-angles to create a mesh-like pattern. Multiple layers in varying directions can be used to create textures. Crosshatching is often used to create tonal effects, by varying the spacing of lines or by adding additional layers of lines. Crosshatching is used in pencil drawing, but is particularly useful with pen and ink drawing, to create the impression of areas of tone, since the pen can only create a solid black line. (
Modernism -
Essentially a style of art that aims to break the classical and traditional forms of perspective.
An example below:
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